How is the movement of electrons represented in organic reaction mechanisms?

Which of the following $\sigma$-bonds participate in hyperconjugation?

Match the following electronic effects in List-$I$ with their corresponding examples or representations in List-$II$.

List-$I$	List-$II$
$(A)$ Resonance	$(I)$ $C=C + H^+ \rightarrow C^+-C-H$
$(B)$ Inductive effect	$(II)$ $H-CH_2-CH_2^+ \leftrightarrow H-CH_2=CH_2^+$
$(C)$ Electromeric effect	$(III)$ $C_6H_6$
$(D)$ Hyperconjugation	$(IV)$ $CH_3-Z \rightarrow CH_3^- + Z^+$
	$(V)$ $CH_3-CH_2-CH_2Cl$

Explain the electron displacement effects in covalent bonds.

Identify the correct statements from the following :
a) Change in hybridisation affects the electronegativity of carbon
b) The $p$ orbitals in ethene are mutually parallel
c) The number of $\sigma$ bonds in propyne is $6$
d) Electromeric effect is a permanent effect

Explain the inductive effect with a suitable example.